Government
Updated: February 2, 2026
Montana's state government is divided into three branches, just like the federal government: the legislative branch (makes the laws), the executive branch (carries out the laws), and the judicial branch (interprets the laws). This system is written into the Montana Constitution and is designed so that no single branch has too much power.
Legislative Branch
The Montana Legislature is made up of 50 senators and 100 representatives. Senators serve 4-year terms, with about half of them elected every two years, and representatives serve 2-year terms, with all of them running for election every session. The Legislature meets in Helena in regular session for up to 90 legislative days every odd-numbered year (such as 2025 and 2027). Special sessions can be called in between if important state business needs attention.
Executive Branch
The executive branch is led by the governor, who is elected to a 4-year term and can serve up to two terms in a row. Other statewide elected officials include the lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, state auditor, and superintendent of public instruction. The executive branch is organized into a limited number of main departments (such as education, transportation, and natural resources) that help run state programs and carry out the laws.
Judicial Branch
The judicial branch includes the Montana Supreme Court, district courts, and other state courts. Judges in these courts make sure Montana's laws follow the state and U.S. Constitutions and help settle disagreements about what laws mean in real-life situations.
The Montana Constitution
Montana's current constitution was written and adopted in 1972, replacing the original 1889 state constitution. It sets up the three-branch government, guarantees important rights (such as a quality public education and the right to a clean and healthful environment), and says that Montana's government must be open and accountable to its citizens.
Together, these branches and rules create a state government that is modeled after the federal system and works to make and enforce laws for the people of Montana.
Updated: February 2, 2026
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